Antibiotics for sinus Infection

Bacteria Run Wild

Defying Antibiotics – like a  new chapter in the continuing story of antibiotic resistance is being written in doctors' offices across the country, as a group of common bacteria rapidly becomes resistant to the antibiotics that have been used to treat them for decades.
The bacteria are called Staphylococcus erasures, or stash for short. Stash are the most common cause of skin infections like boils and can also cause lung infections, bloodstream infections and abscesses in the body's internal organs.
In hospitalized patients, infections caused by antibiotic-resistant stash have been common for years. Among healthy people, though, antibiotic resistance in stash has not been a big problem. Since the 1970's, doctors have routinely, and successfully, treated stash infections in healthy patients with penicillin-like drugs.
Not anymore. Office doctors who follow this practice now may find their patients getting sicker instead of better.
Over the last year, Dr. John Gullet, an infectious disease specialist in Abilene, Tex., has grown accustomed to getting calls for help from local doctors who have used the usual antibiotics to no effect.
One doctor treated a high school football player "built like Charles Atlas" with a standard oral antibiotic for a little boil in the groin. Even though the teenager was the picture of health, the antibiotic did not work.
The boil, caused by resistant stash, grew into an large abscess tracking into the leg, and the patient got sicker and sicker. Only when Dr. Gullet treated him with an intravenous antibiotic generally reserved for desperately ill hospitalized patients did he turn the corner.
Had the patient's first doctor been aware that the infection was caused by resistant stash and chosen a different oral antibiotic, the entire episode might have been milder.
Resistant stash, Dr. Gullet said, are "more invasive and more pervasive" than the strains most primary care doctors are used to treating.
Dry. Gonzalez Balloon-Land, an infectious disease specialist at Mercy Hospital in San Diego, said he was "very concerned about what we are seeing."
Dr. Balloon-Land has treated clusters of infections from resistant stash in such disparate groups as prisoners, homeless people, student nurses and football players.
"Most doctors are just not aware of this," said Dr. Bonnie Bock, an infectious disease specialist in Newport Beach, Cilia., who has treated resistant stash infections in groups of secretaries, surfers and gay men.
Dr. Bock estimated that about two-thirds of the large stash abscesses she saw in her office now were caused by the resistant bacteria.
Over all, stash infections are extremely common and often quite minor. Even stash abscesses, if they are drained properly, may heal without requiring any antibiotics at all. The new resistant stash can be treated with several common antibiotics just not the ones doctors are accustomed to using.
Still, the experts say that some infections caused by the new resistant stash are unexpectedly aggressive, and delays in starting the right antibiotics may be life-threatening.
"Stash infections are such a common problem that the emergence of infections resistant to common antibiotics has important public health implications," said Dr. Daniel B. Sniggering, an epidemiologist at the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
But the infections are so common that they are not reportable to the local or federal public health authorities. Because of this, detective work to explain the appearance of the new resistant stash in this country and track its progress is just beginning.
The resistant stash was first recognized in the United States among children in Chicago in the mid-1990's. In 1999, the disease control centers reported that four children in the Midwest had died of infections with the new stash. Three of them had initially been treated with the wrong antibiotics.
In the last several years, clusters of infections with the resistant stash have been reported in jails and prisons in states around the country, including California, Texas, Pennsylvania and Georgia. Clusters of skin infections have also been reported among athletic team members and military recruits.
Pediatricians in Miami and Los Angels have found that 20 percent to 30 percent of the serious stash infections they see in inhospitable children are caused by resistant strains. In Houston, rates in children have approached 50 percent.
In the spring of 2002, the health department in Los Angels learned of a cluster of resistant stash infections in a group of healthy newborn babies, followed in rapid succession by an outbreak at the county jail that eventually involved more than 1,000 inmates, a cluster of infections in a professional football team, and a cluster of infections among gay men, said Dr. Elizabeth Handcraft, a medical epidemiologist with the Los Angels County Department of Health Services.
Although these infected groups had nothing at all to do with one another, the bacteria that caused the infections in each group proved to be virtually identical. Since 2002, the prevalence of the resistant stash in Los Angels has increased enormously, Dr. Handcraft said.
Like epidemiologists all over the country, Dr. Handcraft is puzzled by the origin of the resistant stash and the way it can spread so quickly among such diverse populations.
One clue may be the bacteria's tendency to "ping-pong" among people, she said. In a study of children with infections caused by the new resistant stash, her group found that roughly 30 percent had family members with similar infections around the same time, suggesting that the stash was highly contagious and easily passed from one person's skin to another's.
The one thing that newborns, children, prisoners and athletes have in common is the degree of close body contact they maintain with those around them. They also share common objects with their peers, toys and equipment, for example, or soap and towels. They may have difficulty achieving optimal personal hygiene.
Close living, as in military barracks, also appears to be a risk factor for infection with the resistant stash, as does having any kind of skin abrasion or wound, even one as minor as chafing from underclothing or athletic equipment, Dr. Jiggering said.
This winter, several fatal cases of pneumonia caused by the resistant stash developed in children with influenza, presumably because the influenza infection had damaged their lungs, allowing the stash to grow.
Experts are still grappling with the question of where the resistant stash came from in the first place. It does not appear to have arisen in any of the most common ways.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria often develop when people take many antibiotics, or frequent places like hospitals, where many antibiotics are used. The antibiotics kill off the sensitive bacteria in people's mouths, intestines and skin, and the bacteria that are naturally resistant to the antibiotics thrive, and eventually predominate.
But this process, called "antibiotic pressure" cannot explain the emergence of the new resistant stash, because among the general public where these infections appear there is relatively little antibiotic use, and many people with these infections have never taken antibiotics before.
Did the bacteria simply escape from hospitals, where antibiotic-resistant stash have been a problem for years? A great deal of evidence suggests that they did not, Dr. Jiggering said.
The outpatient strains are biologically different from hospital strains, and the collections of genes that cause antibiotic resistance in the new strains are quite different from those that cause it in the older strains.
Another ominous difference between the new resistant stash and the old hospital strains is that the new stash strains appear far more likely to manufacture a toxin that can destroy the white blood cells that normally fight off infection, allowing the bacteria to eat through human tissue.
"The concern is that this or other toxins may be responsible for their increased virulence," said Dr. Franklin D. Lowly, a stash researcher at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, who heads one of five groups around the country financed by the disease control centers to study the new stash.
"The organism also appears able to replicate more rapidly than others, which may also cause more serious disease," Dr. Lowly said.
As an example, he described a middle-aged woman with diabetes whom he cared for recently. The woman developed pneumonia with the new stash, and wound up spending months on a respirator in the intensive care unit, her lungs shredded and useless from the infection.
Experts say that heightening doctors' awareness is crucial to tracking and fighting the new stash.
Stash infections are so common that doctors often just prescribe an antibiotic without bothering to drain collections of pus and take cultures. Now they may need to take cultures routinely, and possibly change the usual antibiotics they prescribe.
Patients, meanwhile, should know that mistaking a stash skin infection for an insect bite, particularly a spider bite, is an extremely common mistake, said Dr. Bancroft in Los Angels, and may lead to delays in treatment.
A skin infection that worsens even with treatment should alert patients to the possibility of drug resistance. The new stash is resistant to such common antibiotics as Kef and Rocephin. It is treated with antibiotics like Bacteria, Vibrancy and Colonic.
Hospitals curb antibiotic-resistant organisms by taking a variety of precautions, including preventing an infected person from skin contact with others, disinfecting shared objects, and sometimes using antiseptics like schoolchildren to rid the skin and other body sites of resistant stash.
It is possible, Dr. Jiggering said, that these measures may now be needed to control resistant stash infections out of the hospital, too.